Soil and Vegetation in Semi-Arid Environments
Overview
Arid and semi-arid regions are characterized by sparse vegetation cover. Much of drylands bare surfaces are covered by microphytic communities of small non-vascular plants, known as biogenic soil crusts. These microphytic communities, consisting of mosses, lichens, algae, fungi, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), and bacteria, in various combinations, form microphytic crusts over and within a wide range of soil and rock substrates.
Spectral characteristics of biogenic soil crusts can be similar to those of higher plants, especially when the crusts are wet. Therefore, in semi-arid environments, the reflectance of lower plant communities may lead to misinterpretation of the vegetation dynamics and overestimation of ecosystem productivity.
Remote sensing perspective is given to the unique phenomenon of the visible contrast across the Israel-Egypt political border. A spectral Crust Index was developed in order to distinguish between crusty and non-crusty ecosystems. This index has recently become very useful in various applications.
True color
Crust Index
The phenology characteristics of the biogenic soil crusts have been studied by ground spectral measurements as well as spaceborne imagery with respect to the pheneological cycles of annuals and perennials. It was found that these three phenological cycles are detectable by spectral ground measurements and by calculation of the weighted values of the NDVI. The weights are the product of the derived NDVI of each ground feature and their respective areal cover. The biogenic soil crusts show the earliest and highest weighted NDVI peak (due to their early photosynthetic activity) during the rainy season. Moreover, their weighted NDVI signal extends longer than that of the annuals. The annuals are dominant in late winter and early spring, and the perennials in late spring and during the summer.
Based on these conclusions, the relative contribution of biogenic soil crusts to ecosystem CO2 fluxes was assessed in semi-arid environments, by conventional and remote sensing methods.
The Long-Wave InfraRed (LWIR) spectral signature of biocrust
changes with the continued biocrust successional development, resulting in the
attenuation of the doublet spectral feature of quartz that is typical for the
sand substrate.
This was used to create a thermal crust index for use with
multispectral airborne and spaceborne imagery, and the combination of this
index with reflective indices greatly enhances the different land cover
features:
When applied to ASTER satellite imagery, the new crust index
clearly depicts the active dunes in Sinai vs. the Negev side of the
Israel-Egypt border, where the dunes are fixed by biocrusts. However, the index works also for loess
soils; The Hazerim airbase was fenced for many years, allowing biocrusts to
develop without disturbance, while outside the base, biocrusts remained less
developed due to repeated disturbances. The
new thermal crust index clearly shows the outline of the base:
Papers
Volcani, A., Karnieli, A. and Svoray, T. 2005. The use of remote sensing and GIS for spatio-temporal analysis of the physiological state of a semi-arid forest with respect to drought years. Accepted for publication in Forest Ecology and Management.
Burgheimer, J., Wilske, B., Maseyk, K., Karnieli, A., Zaady, E., Yakir, D. 2005. and Kesselmeier, J. Ground and space spectral measurements for assessing the semi-arid ecosystem phenology related to CO2 fluxes of biological soil crusts. Accepted for publication in Remote Sensing of Environment.
Karnieli, A., Bayasgalan, M., Bayarjargal, Yu., Khudulmur, S. and Tucker, C.J. 2005. Comments on the use of the Vegetation Health Index over Mongolia. Accepted for publication in International Journal of Remote Sensing.